Questa tabella confronta le principali caratteristiche di SARS-CoV-1 e SARS-CoV-2, due betacoronavirus responsabili rispettivamente dell’epidemia di SARS nel 2002-2003 e della pandemia di COVID-19 iniziata nel 2019. Vengono messi a confronto aspetti quali anno di isolamento, struttura genomica, somiglianze genetiche, modalità di trasmissione, patogenesi e le risposte vaccinali e terapeutiche sviluppate. Le informazioni riportate si basano su studi scientifici peer-reviewed estratti da PubMed ed EMBASE.
| Caratteristica | SARS-CoV-1 | SARS-CoV-2 | Fonti |
| Anno di isolamento | 2002-2003 | 2019 | [1,2] |
| Struttura genomica | RNA virus, ~29.7 kb, betacoronavirus, simile a CoV di pipistrello | RNA virus, ~29.9 kb, betacoronavirus, simile a CoV di pipistrello | [3,4] |
| Somiglianze genomiche | Circa 79% di identità genomica con SARS-CoV-2 | Circa 79% di identità genomica con SARS-CoV-1 | [5] |
| Recettore di ingresso | ACE2 | ACE2 | [6,7] |
| Epidemie/Pandemie | Epidemia SARS 2002-2003, circa 8,000 casi, tasso mortalità casi ~10% | Pandemia COVID-19 dal 2019, >600 milioni casi, tasso mortalità casi: variabile | [1,8] |
| Trasmissione | Trasmissione principalmente per via respiratoria e contatti stretti | Trasmissione via aerosol, droplets, contatto e possibili fomiti (oggetti contaminati) | [9,10] |
| Patogenesi | Infezione polmonare acuta, ARDS | Polmonite interstiziale, ARDS, sindrome multiorgano | [11,12] |
| Vaccini | Nessun vaccino approvato (epidemia terminata precocemente) | Vaccini sviluppati e approvati (mRNA, vettori virali, ecc.) | [13,14] |
| Trattamenti approvati | Supporto clinico, antivirali sperimentali | Antivirali approvati (remdesivir, paxlovid), corticosteroidi | [15,16] |
Bibliografia
- Drosten C, Günther S, Preiser W, et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(20):1967-1976.
- Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-733.
- Li F. Structure, function, and evolution of coronavirus spike proteins. Annu Rev Virol. 2016;3(1):237-261.
- Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, et al. Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell. 2020;181(2):281-292.e6.
- Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565-574.
- Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. 2003;426(6965):450-454.
- Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271-280.e8.
- Peiris JS, Guan Y, Yuen KY. Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Nat Med. 2004;10(12 Suppl):S88-S97.
- Yu IT, Li Y, Wong TW, et al. Evidence of airborne transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(17):1731-1739.
- Morawska L, Milton DK. It is time to address airborne transmission of COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(9):2311-2313.
- Nicholls JM, Poon LL, Lee KC, et al. Lung pathology of fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet. 2003;361(9371):1773-1778.
- Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):420-422.
- Krammer F. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development. Nature. 2020;586(7830):516-527.
- Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(27):2603-2615.
- Stockman LJ, Bellamy R, Garner P. SARS: systematic review of treatment effects. PLoS Med. 2006;3(9):e343.
- Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, et al. Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19 — final report. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(19):1813-1826.
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